BIOSTATISTICS (BIOS)

Additional Resources 

Courses

BIOS 392.  Undergraduate Internship.  1-3 Credits.  

Academic credit for approved internship experience.

Rules & Requirements  
Making Connections Gen Ed: EE- Academic Internship.  
Repeat Rules: May be repeated for credit. 6 total credits. 2 total completions.  
Grading Status: Letter grade.  
BIOS 396.  Readings in Biostatistics.  1-12 Credits.  

Directed readings or laboratory study. May be taken more than once. Two to six laboratory hours a week.

Rules & Requirements  
Repeat Rules: May be repeated for credit; may be repeated in the same term for different topics; 12 total credits. 4 total completions.  
Grading Status: Letter grade.  
BIOS 500H.  Introduction to Biostatistics.  3 Credits.  

Access to SAS, Excel required. Permission of instructor for nonmajors. Introductory course in probability, data analysis, and statistical inference designed for B.S.P.H. biostatistics students. Topics include sampling, descriptive statistics, probability, confidence intervals, tests of hypotheses, chi-square distribution, 2-way tables, power, sample size, ANOVA, non-parametric tests, correlation, regression, survival analysis.

Rules & Requirements  
Requisites: Prerequisite, MATH 231 and 232; corequisite, BIOS 511.  
Grading Status: Letter grade.  
BIOS 511.  Introduction to Statistical Computing and Data Management.  4 Credits.  

Required preparation, previous or concurrent course in applied statistics. Permission of instructor for nonmajors. Introduction to use of computers to process and analyze data, concepts and techniques of research data management, and use of statistical programming packages and interpretation. Focus is on use of SAS for data management and reporting.

Rules & Requirements  
Grading Status: Letter grade.  
BIOS 512.  Data Science Basics.  3 Credits.  

Students will gain proficiency with R, data wrangling, data quality control and cleaning, data visualization, exploratory data analysis, with an overall emphasis on the principles of good data science, particularly reproducible research. The course will also develop familiarity with several software tools for data science best practices, such as Git, Docker, Jupyter, Make, and Nextflow.

Rules & Requirements  
Grading Status: Letter grade.  
BIOS 540.  Problems in Biostatistics.  1-15 Credits.  

Arrangements to be made with the faculty in each case. A course for students of public health who wish to make a study of some special problem in the statistics of the life sciences and public health. Honors version available.

Rules & Requirements  
Repeat Rules: May be repeated for credit. 15 total credits. 4 total completions.  
Grading Status: Letter grade.  
BIOS 600.  Principles of Statistical Inference.  3 Credits.  

Required preparation, knowledge of basic descriptive statistics. Major topics include elementary probability theory, probability distributions, estimation, tests of hypotheses, chi-squared procedures, regression, and correlation.

Rules & Requirements  
Grading Status: Letter grade.  
BIOS 611.  Introduction to Data Science.  4 Credits.  

Topics will include gaining proficiency with R and Python, data wrangling, data quality control and cleaning, data visualization, exploratory data analysis, and introductory applied optimization, with an overall emphasis on the principles of good data science, particularly reproducible research. Some emphasis will be given to large data settings such as genomics or claims data. The course will also develop familiarity with software tools for data science best practices, such as Git, Docker, Jupyter, and Nextflow.

Rules & Requirements  
Requisites: Prerequisites, MATH 232 and 416, and STOR 151.  
Grading Status: Letter grade.  
BIOS 635.  Introduction to Machine Learning.  3 Credits.  

This course will be an introductory course to machine learning. The goal is to equip students with knowledge of existing tools for data analysis and to prepare students for more advanced courses in machine learning. Students in the SPH Master of Public Health with a Public Health Data Science concentration receive priority for enrollment.

Rules & Requirements  
Requisites: Prerequisite, BIOS 512 or 650; permission of the instructor for students lacking the prerequisite.  
Grading Status: Letter grade.  
BIOS 641.  Quantitative Methods for Health Care Professionals I.  4 Credits.  

Course is designed to meet the needs of health care professionals to appraise the design and analysis of medical and health care studies and who intend to pursue academic research careers. Covers basics of statistical inference, analysis of variance, multiple regression, categorical data analysis. Previously offered as PUBH 741. Permission of instructor.

Rules & Requirements  
Grading Status: Letter grade.  
BIOS 642.  Quantitative Methods for Health Care Professionals II.  4 Credits.  

Continuation of BIOS 641. Main emphasis is on logistic regression; other topics include exploratory data analysis and survival analysis. Previously offered as PUBH 742.

Rules & Requirements  
Requisites: Prerequisite, BIOS 641.  
Grading Status: Letter grade.  
BIOS 645.  Principles of Experimental Analysis.  3 Credits.  

Required preparation, basic familiarity with statistical software (preferably SAS able to do multiple linear regression) and introductory biostatistics, such as BIOS 600. Continuation of BIOS 600. Analysis of experimental and observational data, including multiple regression and analysis of variance and covariance. Previously offered as BIOS 545. Permission of the instructor for nonmajors.

Rules & Requirements  
Requisites: Prerequisites, BIOS 600 or SPHG 711.  
Grading Status: Letter grade.  
BIOS 650.  Basic Elements of Probability and Statistical Inference I.  3 Credits.  

Required preparation, two semesters of calculus (such as MATH 231, 232). Fundamentals of probability; discrete and continuous distributions; functions of random variables; descriptive statistics; fundamentals of statistical inference, including estimation and hypothesis testing.

Rules & Requirements  
Grading Status: Letter grade.  
BIOS 660.  Probability and Statistical Inference I.  3 Credits.  

Required preparation, three semesters of calculus (such as MATH 231, 232, 233). Introduction to probability; discrete and continuous random variables; expectation theory; bivariate and multivariate distribution theory; regression and correlation; linear functions of random variables; theory of sampling; introduction to estimation and hypothesis testing.

Rules & Requirements  
Grading Status: Letter grade.  
BIOS 661.  Probability and Statistical Inference II.  3 Credits.  

Distribution of functions of random variables; Helmert transformation theory; central limit theorem and other asymptotic theory; estimation theory; maximum likelihood methods; hypothesis testing; power; Neyman-Pearson Theorem, likelihood ratio, score, and Wald tests; noncentral distributions.

Rules & Requirements  
Requisites: Prerequisite, BIOS 660; permission of the instructor for students lacking the prerequisite.  
Grading Status: Letter grade.  
BIOS 662.  Intermediate Statistical Methods.  4 Credits.  

Principles of study design, descriptive statistics, sampling from finite and infinite populations, inferences about location and scale. Both distribution-free and parametric approaches are considered. Gaussian, binomial, and Poisson models, one-way and two-way contingency tables.

Rules & Requirements  
Requisites: Pre- or corequisites, BIOS 511 and 650.  
Grading Status: Letter grade.  
BIOS 663.  Intermediate Linear Models.  4 Credits.  

Required preparation, BIOS 662. Matrix-based treatment of regression, one-way and two-way ANOVA, and ANCOVA, emphasizing the general linear model and hypothesis, as well as diagnostics and model building. Reviews matrix algebra. Includes statistical power for linear models and binary response regression methods.

Rules & Requirements  
Grading Status: Letter grade.  
BIOS 664.  Sample Survey Methodology.  4 Credits.  

Fundamental principles and methods of sampling populations, with emphasis on simple, random, stratified, and cluster sampling. Sample weights, nonsampling error, and analysis of data from complex designs are covered. Practical experience through participation in the design, execution, and analysis of a sampling project.

Rules & Requirements  
Making Connections Gen Ed: EE- Field Work.  
Requisites: Prerequisite, BIOS 650; permission of the instructor for students lacking the prerequisite.  
Grading Status: Letter grade.  
Same as: STOR 358.  
BIOS 665.  Analysis of Categorical Data.  3 Credits.  

Introduction to the analysis of categorized data: rates, ratios, and proportions; relative risk and odds ratio; Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel procedure; survivorship and life table methods; linear models for categorical data. Applications in demography, epidemiology, and medicine.

Rules & Requirements  
Requisites: Prerequisites, BIOS 645, 650, and 662; permission of the instructor for students lacking the prerequisites.  
Grading Status: Letter grade.  
BIOS 667.  Applied Longitudinal Data Analysis.  3 Credits.  

Matrix-based longitudinal data analysis emphasizing applications and interpretation. Linear and generalized linear, marginal and mixed regression models. Fixed effects and random effects. Maximum likelihood, REML, GEE. Regression diagnostics. Sample size. Simulation of longitudinal data.

Rules & Requirements  
Requisites: Prerequisites, BIOS 661 and BIOS 663; permissions from the instructor for students lacking the prerequisite.  
Grading Status: Letter grade.  
BIOS 668.  Design of Public Health Studies.  3 Credits.  

Statistical concepts in basic public health study designs: cross-sectional, case-control, prospective, and experimental (including clinical trials). Validity, measurement of response, sample size determination, matching and random allocation methods.

Rules & Requirements  
Requisites: Prerequisites, BIOS 645 and 650.  
Grading Status: Letter grade.  
BIOS 669.  Working with Data in a Public Health Research Setting.  3 Credits.  

Provides a foundation and training for working with data from clinical trials or research studies. Topics: issues in study design, collecting quality data, using SAS and SQL to transform data, typical reports, data closure and export, and working with big data.

Rules & Requirements  
Requisites: Prerequisite, BIOS 511 or EPID 700; permission of the instructor for students lacking the prerequisite.  
Grading Status: Letter grade.  
BIOS 670.  Demographic Techniques I.  3 Credits.  

Source and interpretation of demographic data; rates and ratios, standardization, complete and abridged life tables; estimation and projection of fertility, mortality, migration, and population composition.

Rules & Requirements  
Grading Status: Letter grade.  
BIOS 672.  Topics in Real Analysis, Introduction to Measure Theory.  1 Credits.  

Selected topics in calculus, real analysis including Taylor's series, Riemann, Stieltjes and Lebesgue integration, and complex variables. Introduction to measure theory.

Rules & Requirements  
Requisites: Corequisite, BIOS 660.  
Grading Status: Letter grade.  
BIOS 673.  Intermediate Statistical Inference.  1 Credits.  

This course introduces intermediate concepts and theories in statistical inferences, including multivariate transformation, convergence of random vectors, sufficient and complete statistics, methods of estimation, and advanced problems such as information inequality, unbiased estimators, Bayes estimators, asymptotically efficient estimation, nonparametric estimation, and simultaneous confidence intervals.

Rules & Requirements  
Requisites: Prerequisite, BIOS 660; permission of the instructor for students lacking the prerequisite; Corequisite, BIOS 661.  
Grading Status: Letter grade.  
BIOS 680.  Introductory Survivorship Analysis.  3 Credits.  

Introduction to concepts and techniques used in the analysis of time to event data, including censoring, hazard rates, estimation of survival curves, regression techniques, applications to clinical trials.

Rules & Requirements  
Requisites: Prerequisite, BIOS 661; permission of the instructor for students lacking the prerequisite.  
Grading Status: Letter grade.  
BIOS 690.  Special Topics in Biostatistics.  1-3 Credits.  

Field/topical/research seminar. Instructors use this course to offer instruction in particular topics or approaches.

Rules & Requirements  
Repeat Rules: May be repeated for credit; may be repeated in the same term for different topics; 6 total credits. 6 total completions.  
Grading Status: Letter grade.  
BIOS 691.  Field Observations in Biostatistics.  1 Credits.  

Field visits to, and evaluation of, major nonacademic biostatistical programs in the Research Triangle area. Field fee: $25.

Rules & Requirements  
Grading Status: Letter grade.  
IDEAs in Action General Education logoBIOS 693H.  Honors Research in Biostatistics.  3 Credits.  

Directed research. Written and oral reports required.

Rules & Requirements  
IDEAs in Action General Education logo IDEAs in Action Gen Ed: RESEARCH.
Making Connections Gen Ed: EE- Mentored Research.  
Grading Status: Letter grade.  
IDEAs in Action General Education logoBIOS 694H.  Honors Research in Biostatistics.  3 Credits.  

Directed research. Written and oral reports required.

Rules & Requirements  
IDEAs in Action General Education logo IDEAs in Action Gen Ed: RESEARCH.
Making Connections Gen Ed: EE- Mentored Research.  
Grading Status: Letter grade.  
BIOS 700.  Research Skills in Biostatistics.  1 Credits.  

Permission of the department for students with passing grade of either doctoral qualifying examination in biostatistics. BIOS 700 will introduce doctoral students in biostatistics to research skills necessary for writing a dissertation and for a career in research.

Rules & Requirements  
Requisites: Prerequisites, BIOS 760, 761 or 758, 762, 763, and 767.  
Grading Status: Letter grade.  
BIOS 735.  Statistical Computing - Basic Principles and Applications.  4 Credits.  

Required preparation, one undergraduate-level programming class. Teaches important concepts and skills for statistical software development using case studies. After this course, students will have an understanding of the process of statistical software development, knowledge of existing resources for software development, and the ability to produce reliable and efficient statistical software.

Rules & Requirements  
Requisites: Prerequisites, BIOS 660, 661, 662, and 663.  
Grading Status: Letter grade.  
BIOS 740.  Specialized Methods in Health Statistics.  1-21 Credits.  

Permission of the instructor. Statistical theory applied to special problem areas of timely importance in the life sciences and public health. Lectures, seminars, and/or laboratory work, according to the nature of the special area under study.

Rules & Requirements  
Grading Status: Letter grade.  
BIOS 752.  Design and Analysis of Clinical Trials.  3 Credits.  

This course will introduce the methods used in clinical. Topics include dose-finding trials, allocation to treatments in randomized trials, sample size calculation, interim monitoring, and non-inferiority trials.

Rules & Requirements  
Requisites: Prerequisites, BIOS 600 and 661.  
Grading Status: Letter grade.  
BIOS 756.  Advanced Nonparametric Methods in Biometric Research.  3 Credits.  

Theory and application of nonparametric methods for various problems in statistical analysis. Includes procedures based on randomization, ranks and U-statistics. A knowledge of elementary computer programming is assumed.

Rules & Requirements  
Requisites: Prerequisite, BIOS 661.  
Grading Status: Letter grade.  
BIOS 760.  Advanced Probability and Statistical Inference I.  4 Credits.  

Measure space, sigma-field, measurable functions, integration, conditional probability, distribution functions, characteristic functions, convergence modes, SLLN, CLT, Cramer-Wold device, delta method, U-statistics, martingale central limit theorem, UMVUE, estimating function, MLE, Cramer-Rao lower bound, information bounds, LeCam's lemmas, consistency, efficiency, EM algorithm.

Rules & Requirements  
Requisites: Prerequisite, BIOS 661; permission of the instructor for students lacking the prerequisite.  
Grading Status: Letter grade.  
BIOS 761.  Advanced Probability and Statistical Inference II.  4 Credits.  

Elementary decision theory: admissibility, minimaxity, loss functions, Bayesian approaches. Hypothesis testing: Neyman-Pearson theory, UMP and unbiased tests, invariance, confidence sets, contiguous alternatives. Elements of stochastic processes: Poisson processes, renewal theory, Markov chains, martingales, Brownian motion.

Rules & Requirements  
Requisites: Prerequisite, BIOS 760; permission of the instructor for students lacking the prerequisite.  
Grading Status: Letter grade.  
BIOS 762.  Theory and Applications of Linear and Generalized Linear Models.  4 Credits.  

Linear algebra, matrix decompositions, estimability, multivariate normal distributions, quadratic forms, Gauss-Markov theorem, hypothesis testing, experimental design, general likelihood theory and asymptotics, delta method, exponential families, generalized linear models for continuous and discrete data, categorical data, nuisance parameters, over-dispersion, multivariate linear model, generalized estimating equations, and regression diagnostics.

Rules & Requirements  
Requisites: Prerequisites, BIOS 661 and 663, MATH 547, and 416 or 577; Co-requisite, BIOS 760.  
Grading Status: Letter grade.  
BIOS 764.  Advanced Survey Sampling Methods.  3 Credits.  

Continuation of BIOS 664 for advanced students: stratification, special designs, multistage sampling, cost studies, nonsampling errors, complex survey designs, employing auxiliary information, and other miscellaneous topics.

Rules & Requirements  
Requisites: Prerequisite, BIOS 664.  
Grading Status: Letter grade.  
BIOS 765.  Models and Methodology in Categorical Data.  3 Credits.  

Theory and application of methods for categorical data including maximum likelihood, estimating equations and chi-square methods for large samples, and exact inference for small samples.

Rules & Requirements  
Requisites: Prerequisites, BIOS 661, 663 and 665 or permission of instructor.  
Grading Status: Letter grade.  
BIOS 767.  Longitudinal Data Analysis.  4 Credits.  

Presents modern approaches to the analysis of longitudinal data. Topics include linear mixed effects models, generalized linear models for correlated data (including generalized estimating equations), computational issues and methods for fitting models, and dropout or other missing data.

Rules & Requirements  
Requisites: Prerequisites, BIOS 661 and 762; Permission of the instructor for nonmajors.  
Grading Status: Letter grade.  
BIOS 771.  Demographic Techniques II.  3 Credits.  

Required preparation, integral calculus. Life table techniques; methods of analysis when data are deficient; population projection methods; interrelations among demographic variables; migration analysis; uses of population models.

Rules & Requirements  
Requisites: Prerequisite, BIOS 670.  
Grading Status: Letter grade.  
BIOS 772.  Statistical Analysis of MRI Images.  3 Credits.  

The course will review major statistical methods for the analysis of MRI and its applications in various studies.

Rules & Requirements  
Grading Status: Letter grade.  
BIOS 773.  Statistical Analysis with Missing Data.  3 Credits.  

Fundamental concepts, including classifications of missing data, missing covariate and/or response data in linear models, generalized linear models, longitudinal data models, and survival models. Maximum likelihood methods, multiple imputation, fully Bayesian methods, and weighted estimating equations. Focus on biomedical sciences case studies. Software packages include WinBUGS, SAS, and R.

Rules & Requirements  
Requisites: Prerequisites, BIOS 761 and 762.  
Grading Status: Letter grade.  
BIOS 774.  Advanced Machine Learning.  3 Credits.  

This advanced machine learning course, designed for PhD students in biostatistics and related fields, centers on cutting-edge tools in ML, encompassing theory, methods, and applications. It is motivated by complex biomedical data problems, offering in-depth exploration of technical details, model understanding, and the strengths and weaknesses of various approaches. The aim is to provide a comprehensive understanding of state-of-the-art ML tools for effectively analyzing and solving intricate biomedical data challenges.

Rules & Requirements  
Requisites: Prerequisite, BIOS 760; BIOS 762 and one of the following: BIOS 635, BIOS 735, STOR 565, STOR 767, CS 755; Instructor Consent.  
Grading Status: Letter grade.  
BIOS 775.  Statistical Methods in Diagnostic Medicine.  3 Credits.  

Statistical concepts and techniques for evaluating medical diagnostic tests and biomarkers for detecting disease. Measures for quantifying test accuracy. Statistical procedures for estimating and comparing these quantities, including regression modeling. Real data will be used to illustrate the methods. Developments in recent literature will be covered.

Rules & Requirements  
Requisites: Prerequisites, BIOS 761 and 762.  
Grading Status: Letter grade.  
BIOS 776.  Causal Inference in Biomedical Research.  3 Credits.  

This course will consider drawing inference about causal effects in a variety of settings using the potential outcomes framework. Topics covered include causal inference in randomized experiments and observational studies, bounds and sensitivity analysis, propensity scores, graphical models, and other areas.

Rules & Requirements  
Requisites: Prerequisites, BIOS 661 and 663; permission of the instructor for students lacking the prerequisites.  
Grading Status: Letter grade.  
BIOS 777.  Precision Medicine and Machine Learning.  3 Credits.  

In this course, we will address precision medicine from a statistical and machine learning perspective with numerous examples of application. We will develop a working knowledge of the following inter-related areas in the context of precision medicine and precision health: dynamic treatment regimes; causal inference for precision medicine; study designs such as SMARTs, basic and advanced machine learning and artificial intelligence tools, including deep learning, outcome weighted learning, reinforcement learning and Markov decision processes.

Rules & Requirements  
Requisites: Prerequisites, BIOS 661 and 663 or equivalent.  
Grading Status: Letter grade.  
BIOS 779.  Bayesian Statistics.  4 Credits.  

Topics include Bayes' theorem, the likelihood principle, prior distributions, posterior distributions, predictive distributions, Bayesian modeling, informative prior elicitation, model comparisons, Bayesian diagnostic methods, variable subset selection, and model uncertainty. Markov chain Monte Carlo methods for computation are discussed in detail.

Rules & Requirements  
Requisites: Prerequisite, BIOS 762; permission of the instructor for students lacking the prerequisite.  
Grading Status: Letter grade.  
BIOS 780.  Theory and Methods for Survival Analysis.  3 Credits.  

Counting process-martingale theory, Kaplan-Meier estimator, weighted log-rank statistics, Cox proportional hazards model, nonproportional hazards models, multivariate failure time data.

Rules & Requirements  
Requisites: Prerequisites, BIOS 760 and 761; permission of the instructor for students lacking the prerequisites.  
Grading Status: Letter grade.  
BIOS 781.  Statistical Methods in Human Genetics.  4 Credits.  

An introduction to statistical procedures in human genetics, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, linkage analysis (including use of genetic software packages), linkage disequilibrium and allelic association.

Rules & Requirements  
Requisites: Prerequisites, BIOS 661 and 663; permission of the instructor for students lacking the prerequisites.  
Grading Status: Letter grade.  
BIOS 782.  Statistical Methods in Genetic Association Studies.  3 Credits.  

This course provides a comprehensive survey of the statistical methods for the designs and analysis of genetic association studies, including genome-wide association studies and next-generation sequencing studies. The students will learn the theoretical justifications for the methods as well as the skills to apply them to real studies.

Rules & Requirements  
Requisites: Prerequisite, BIOS 760.  
Grading Status: Letter grade.  
BIOS 784.  Introduction to Computational Biology.  3 Credits.  

Molecular biology, sequence alignment, sequence motifs identification by Monte Carlo Bayesian approaches, dynamic programming, hidden Markov models, computational algorithms, statistical software, high-throughput sequencing data and its application in computational biology.

Rules & Requirements  
Requisites: Prerequisites, BIOS 661 and 663; Permission of the instructor for students lacking the prerequisites.  
Grading Status: Letter grade.  
Same as: BCB 784.  
BIOS 785.  Statistical Methods for Gene Expression Analysis.  3 Credits.  

Clustering algorithms, classification techniques, statistical techniques for analyzing multivariate data, analysis of high dimensional data, parametric and semiparametric models for DNA microarray data, measurement error models, Bayesian methods, statistical software, sample size determination in microarray studies, applications to cancer.

Rules & Requirements  
Requisites: Prerequisites, BIOS 661 or 673, and 663; Permission of the instructor for students lacking the prerequisites.  
Grading Status: Letter grade.  
Same as: BCB 785.  
BIOS 791.  Empirical Processes and Semiparametric Inference.  3 Credits.  

Theory and applications of empirical process methods to semiparametric estimation and inference for statistical models with both finite and infinite dimensional parameters. Topics include bootstrap, Z-estimators, M-estimators, semiparametric efficiency.

Rules & Requirements  
Requisites: Prerequisite, BIOS 761; permission of the instructor for students lacking the prerequisite.  
Grading Status: Letter grade.  
BIOS 841.  Principles of Statistical Collaboration and Leadership.  3 Credits.  

An introduction to the statistical collaborative process and leadership skills. Emphasized topics include problem solving, study design, data analysis, ethical conduct, teamwork, career paths, data management, written and oral communication with scientists and collaborators.

Rules & Requirements  
Grading Status: Letter grade.  
BIOS 842.  Practice in Statistical Consulting.  1-21 Credits.  

Under supervision of a faculty member, the student interacts with research workers in the health sciences, learning to abstract the statistical aspects of substantive problems, to provide appropriate technical assistance, and to communicate statistical results.

Rules & Requirements  
Requisites: Prerequisites, BIOS 511, 645, 650, and 841; Permission of the instructor for students lacking the prerequisites.  
Grading Status: Letter grade.  
BIOS 843.  Seminar in Biostatistics.  1 Credits.  

This seminar course is intended to give students exposure to cutting edge research topics and hopefully help them in their choice of a thesis topic. It also allows the student to meet and learn from major researchers in the field.

Rules & Requirements  
Repeat Rules: May be repeated for credit.   
Grading Status: Letter grade.  
BIOS 844.  Leadership in Biostatistics.  3 Credits.  

Using lectures and group exercises, students are taught where and how biostatisticians can offer leadership in both academic and nonacademic public health settings.

Rules & Requirements  
Requisites: Prerequisite, BIOS 841.  
Grading Status: Letter grade.  
BIOS 850.  Training in Statistical Teaching in the Health Sciences.  1-21 Credits.  

Required preparation, a minimum of one year of graduate work in statistics. Principles of statistical pedagogy. Students assist with teaching elementary statistics to students in the health sciences. Students work under the supervision of the faculty, with whom they have regular discussions of methods, content, and evaluation of performance.

Rules & Requirements  
Grading Status: Letter grade.  
BIOS 889.  Research Seminar in Biostatistics.  0.5-21 Credits.  

Permission of the instructor. Seminar on new research developments in selected biostatistical topics.

Rules & Requirements  
Grading Status: Letter grade.  
BIOS 990.  Research in Biostatistics.  1-21 Credits.  

Individual arrangements may be made by the advanced student to spend part or all of his or her time in supervised investigation of selected problems in statistics.

Rules & Requirements  
Grading Status: Letter grade.  
BIOS 992.  Master's (Non-Thesis).  3 Credits.  
Rules & Requirements  
Repeat Rules: May be repeated for credit.   
BIOS 994.  Doctoral Research and Dissertation.  3 Credits.  
Rules & Requirements  
Repeat Rules: May be repeated for credit.